Upper Left: Atomic Number. There is one for every element, and it is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Upper Right: Relative Atomic Mass. This is the total mass of an element when completely motionless. The mass of the electrons, protons and neutrons combined.
2 Letter Abbreviation: This is the abbreviation for each element. They are just that, abbreviations, and are used for the same reason other abbreviations are used, to have a shorthand for a word, and so most of them make sense. H=Hydrogen , but also AU=Gold, which makes much less sense.
Difference between NA and K: NA is sodium and K is potassium. K has 8 more protons in its nucleus than NA, and also has a larger atomic mass which is not surprising. This is not always the case though as Ar has a higher mass than K even though it has one less proton in its nucleus.
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