Each gas puts off a different color when it is being electrically charged, or at least the ones in this machine. Some gases may give off more similar colors. The blaze orange color is the gas Neon.
Looking through these refractory glasses it make a prism effect off of all light sources. I gives you a spectrum in the 8 main cardinal directions -so every 45 degrees around any light source-. The spectrum is also based off of the main source of light that you are refracting. The orange light went from a green to yellow to orange to red, but the white light of the ELMO projector had a much different spectrum, going through the entire spectrum of the rainbow. The light can get pushed into itself too and makes a blue to cyan to white to yellow to red.
This second gas, helium, has a spectrum that doesnt seem to run together as the other ones did, but are instead vertical lines parallel to each other that could fit a line or two in between each of them. This is almost the full spectrum of the rainbow, but in a different hue or saturation maybe, I'm not an art major.
Argon has a very very dim light spectrum, and is a pinkish hue. Once you get it dark enough and get up close you can see a full deep rainbow. From a rich purple to a rich red it covers all colors of the rainbow stunningly.
Nitrogen is another pinkish hue. It beautifully captures the entire rainbow as well.
Carbon Dioxide is a light blue, cyan type color. It makes an interesting rainbow with lots of nice unique greens, and yellows.
The more electrons a gas has the more color bars it will make. Light is made by electrons leaving the its orbital level to go up an orbital level to charge something. Then the electron goes back to it's orbital level and that gives off light. The more electrons you can have jumping in and out the more refractory lines you will get.
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